Let's consider base N and a number k (the divisor)
and take the powers of N: 1, N, N^2, N^3, ...
There's an infinity of such numbers, however their remainders when divided by k can only be smaller than k, therefore some must be repeating.
Let N^a and N^b (a
Then k | N^a*(N^(b-a)-1). Assuming that k is not divisible by the prime factors of N, it follows that k and N^a are mutual primes, so k | N^(b-a)-1.
Let c=b-a; c>0 because a
But N^c-1 is nothing else than the digit (N-1) repeated c times.
If you choose the minimal such number c, then (N^c-1)/k gives exactly the period of 1/k in base N.
Example: N=10, k=7
powers of N: 1, 10, 10^2=100, 10^3=1000, 10^4=10000, 10^5=100000, 10^6=1000000, ...
remainders when divided by 7: 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, ...
We notice a repeating remainder: 1, for 1=10^0 and 10^6. Then 7 | 10^6-1=999999
999999/7=142857
1/7=0.(142857)