You have to find a common denominator
First, factor each denominator
x^2 - 16 = (x+4)(x-4)
x^2 + 8x + 16 = (x+4)(x+4) = (x+4)^2
The common denominator would be (x-4)(x+4)^2
The first term:
(3x+1)/{(x+4)(x-4)} is missing an (x+4) so multiply the top and bottom by x+4
{3x+1)(x+4)/{(x-4)(x+4)^2}
= (3x^2 + 13x +4)/{(x-4)(x+4)^2}
The second term
(3x+5)/(x+4)^2 is missing an x-4 so multiply the top and bottom by x-4
(3x+5)(x-4)/{(x-4)(x+4)^2}
= (3x^2 - 7x - 20)/{(x-4)(x+4)^2}
Now that there is a common denominator, you can just subtract the numerators
{3x^2 + 13x +4 - (3x^2 - 7x - 20)}/{(x-4)(x+4)^2}
= (3x^2 + 13x + 4 - 3x^2 + 7x + 20)/{(x-4)(x+4)^2}
Answer: (20x + 24)/{(x-4)(x+4)^2}
You can factor a 4 from the numerator but nothing will cancel with it, so this is an acceptable final answer.